Source: Mineral Levels in Animal Health – 2nd Edition (R. Puls, 1994)
Fetal/Newborn Calf Trace Mineral Reference Ranges – Serum
| Trace Mineral | Sample | Concentration |
| Cobalt | Serum | 0.9-15 ppb |
| Copper* | Serum | 0.6-1.5 ppm |
| Iron** | Serum | 1.3-2.5 ppm |
| Magnesium** | Serum | 18-35 ppm |
| Manganese** | Serum | 0.006-0.07 ppm |
| Molybdenum | Serum | 0.01-0.10 ppm |
| Selenium** | Serum | 0.13-0.16 ppm |
| Zinc** | Serum | 1.5-2.5 ppm |
Notes: * Copper in blood will decrease when liver stores become depleted (approx. ≤10 ppm ww). Therefore, normal blood copper does not rule out copper deficiency ** Hemolyzed samples will result in falsely high concentrations
Fetal/Newborn Calf Trace Mineral Reference Ranges – Liver (wet weight basis)
| Trace Mineral | Concentration |
| Cobalt | 20-85 ppb |
| Copper* | 30-150 ppm |
| Iron | 40-400 ppm |
| Magnesium** | 100-250 ppm |
| Manganese*** | 0.6-6.0 ppm |
| Molybdenum | 0.14-1.40 pm |
| Selenium* | 0.3-1.20 ppm |
| Zinc*** | 25-100 ppm |
*Fetus/newborn accumulates at the expense of the dam (Se will be approx. 2-4x the maternal concentration) **Increase with gestation (Mn – 154 ppm at 100 days, 277-320 ppm at 280 days; Zn – 11-100 ppm at 100 days, 20-150 ppm at 280 days) **Vary with stage of gestation: will be low (<1 ppm ww) until 2-3 weeks of age